Migration: a zero year, month, day or OperaClass id meant the value was unknown, not that it was zero. Set to null.

Repairing UTF-8 that had been stored as Latin-1. The correction is mechanical, not a guess: the stored text re-encodes to exactly these bytes. orchestra: "Orchestra del Teatro Máximo Bellini di Catania" -> "Orchestra del Teatro Máximo Bellini di Catania"; chorus: "Coro del Teatro Máximo Bellini di Catania" -> "Coro del Teatro Máximo Bellini di Catania"

Repairing character-encoding corruption (mojibake) introduced during data import; the person/ensemble name itself is unchanged. Cause: UTF-8 bytes were decoded as Windows-1252 at import, so each non-ASCII letter became a 2-character sequence. Stored value "Coro del Teatro Máximo Bellini di Catania" is being corrected to "Coro del Teatro Máximo Bellini di Catania". Detected by decoding the stored text back through the offending codec and confirming it yields valid UTF-8. Part of a sweep of all singers, conductors, composers, characters, operas and recordings; 419 fields matched.

Repairing character-encoding corruption (mojibake) introduced during data import; the person/ensemble name itself is unchanged. Cause: UTF-8 bytes were decoded as Windows-1252 at import, so each non-ASCII letter became a 2-character sequence. Stored value "Orchestra del Teatro Máximo Bellini di Catania" is being corrected to "Orchestra del Teatro Máximo Bellini di Catania". Detected by decoding the stored text back through the offending codec and confirming it yields valid UTF-8. Part of a sweep of all singers, conductors, composers, characters, operas and recordings; 419 fields matched.