Migration: a zero year, month, day or OperaClass id meant the value was unknown, not that it was zero. Set to null.

Repairing mojibake (Ã?dena) and correcting Spanish acutes to the Catalan graves used by the singer. Wikipedia article title is Àngel Òdena. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Àngel_Òdena

Repairing UTF-8 that had been stored as Latin-1. The correction is mechanical, not a guess: the stored text re-encodes to exactly these bytes. first_name: "Ángel" -> "Ángel"

Repairing character-encoding corruption (mojibake) introduced during data import; the person/ensemble name itself is unchanged. Cause: UTF-8 bytes were decoded as ISO-8859-1 at import, so each non-ASCII letter became a 2-character sequence. Stored value "Ángel" is being corrected to "Ángel". Detected by decoding the stored text back through the offending codec and confirming it yields valid UTF-8. Part of a sweep of all singers, conductors, composers, characters, operas and recordings; 419 fields matched.